I think that you don’t understand the same paper you link. I’m going to quote from page 5:
“The Planning Framework Perhaps one of the most striking differences between planning in the US and Germany is the structure of the planning systems, and in particular, the manner in which the various levels of government interact.”
As you might notice, your paper apply the word “planning” to both US and Germany. It is talking about planning systems, not planned economy. Those are different things.
Not just that, it focus on the interaction about various leves of government. In US too.
Public education is not that different than what you have there. Sure there are limited public universities and limited places in each different career/specialization. And access is based on grades among other things. Just like admision in your private schools.
Also, Germany has private universities:
https://www.studying-in-germany.org/private-universities-in-germany/
Plenty of them. Students choose what they want to study and apply to that career+university. If they don’t get a place at a public university, they can go to the private (and pay more). So not that different than community college versus private colleges. In fact, since there a number of subsidized colleges, people who won’t be able to afford a private college/university, have more options than what they would have in US. And they won’t be burdened by huge loans that they would need to repay for years, delaying other life projects like buying a house or creating a business. Since they don’t have to pay the student loan, they would have money to pursue private business…
And is US, many people apply to college but don’t get a place at the studies or university that they want. How many people apply to Harvard and are rejected? In fact you complained about positive discrimination that is applied in that kind of institutions (That also plan the studies and classes they offer and how many students they would take).
Government doesn’t tell private universities which studies to offer. Of course, since public studies are good, that put more pressure on private universities that need to offer better quality or competitive prices.
No, Germany doesn’t have central planning. Anyone with even a tenuous grasp on reality and economy would see that. Which begs the question, why would you want to pass a study about government planning that doesn’t even touch private sector as a study about all the economy? I mean, public sector is just a part of the economy and also exist in US. If you want to deny its existence I want to remind you that all your federal offices + army + municipal + state government are public. Even your national parks are part of your public sector. All that is planned. Now a rhetorical question, is US a planned economy because it plans public services. Hell, even the infamous wall that Trump wanted was planned.
This is the definition of planned economy:
It doesn’t apply to Germany, not to US, not even to Rusia in 2021. Hell, a German citizen can even go to any country that belongs to the UE to study or work, without the need of a “green card”. And any German citizen can create a business in any UE country.
One question, where did you get the idea that germany is a planned economy and that the government decide for the people what to study? Because is not based on reality.
